A claim made by 'Jews" Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH) Tthe standard genetic signature of the Jewish priestly family. Y-chromosome, which is passed virtually unchanged from father to son. |
| The fascinating story of how DNA studies confirm an ancient biblical tradition. |
Dr. Karl Skorecki, a Cohen of Eastern European parents, was attending synagogue one morning. The Cohen called up for the Torah reading that morning was a Jew of Sephardic background, whose parents were born in North Africa.Dr. Skorecki looked at the Sephardi Cohen's physical features and considered his own physical features.They were significantly different in stature, skin coloration and hair and eye color. Yet both had a tradition of being Cohanim, direct descendants of one man -- Aaron, the brother of Moses.
Cohanim (plural of Cohen) are the priestly family of the Jewish people, members of the Tribe of Levi.The books of Exodus and Leviticus describe the responsibilities of the Cohanim, which include the Temple service and blessing of the people. The Torah (the first five books of the Bible) describes the anointing of Aaron, the brother of Moses, as the first High Priest (Cohen Gadol).
Jewish tradition, based on the Torah, is that all Cohanim are direct descendants of Aaron, the brother of Moses. The Cohen line is patrilineal -- passed from father to son without interruption for 3,300 years, or more than 100 generations.
Dr. Skorecki considered, "According to tradition, this Sephardi Cohen and I have a common ancestor. Could this line have been maintained since Sinai, and throughout the long exile of the Jewish people?" As a scientist, he wondered, could such a claim be tested?
Being a nephrologist and a top-level researcher at the University of Toronto and the Rambam-Technion Medical Center in Haifa, he was involved in the breakthroughs in molecular genetics which are revolutionizing medicine and the study of the life-sciences. He was also aware of the newly developing application of DNA analysis to the study of history and population diversity.
Dr. Skorecki considered a hypothesis: if the Cohanim are descendants of one man, they should have a common set of genetic markers -- a common haplotype -- that of their common ancestor. In our case, Aaron HaCohen.
HOW IT WORKS
A genetic marker is a variation in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA, known as a mutation. Mutations which occur within genes -- a part of the DNA which codes for a protein -- usually cause a malfunction or disease and is lost due to selection in succeeding generations. However, mutations found in so-called "non-coding regions" of the DNA tend to persist.
Since the Y chromosome consists almost entirely of non-coding DNA (except for the genes determining maleness), it would tend to accumulate mutations. Since it is passed from father to son without recombination, the genetic information on a Y chromosome of a man living today is basically the same as that of his ancient male ancestors, except for the rare mutations that occur along the hereditary line.
A combination of these neutral mutations, known as a haplotype, can serve as a genetic signature of a man's male ancestry. Maternal genealogies are also being studied by means of the m-DNA (mitrocondrial DNA), which is inherited only from the mother.
THE SEARCH BEGINS
Dr. Skorecki made contact with Professor Michael Hammer, of the University of Arizona, a leading researcher in molecular genetics and a pioneer in Y chromosome research. Professor Hammer uses DNA analysis to study the history of populations, their origins and migrations. His previous research included work on the origins of the Native American Indians and the development of the Japanese people.
A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis. If there were a common ancestor, the Cohanim should have common genetic markers at a higher frequency than the general Jewish population.
In the first study, as reported in the prestigious British science journal, Nature (January 2, 1997), 188 Jewish males were asked to contribute some cheek cells from which their DNA was extracted for study. Participants from Israel, England and North America were asked to identify whether they were a Cohen, Levi or Israelite, and to identify their family background.
The results of the analysis of the Y chromosome markers of the Cohanim and non-Cohanim were indeed significant. A particular marker, (YAP-) was detected in 98.5 percent of the Cohanim, and in a significantly lower percentage of non-Cohanim.
FURTHER CONFIRMATION
In a second study, Dr. Skorecki and associates gathered more DNA samples and expanded their selection of Y chromosome markers. Solidifying their hypothesis of the Cohens' common ancestor, they found that a particular array of six chromosomal markers was found in 97 of the 106 Cohens tested. This collection of markers has come to be known as the Cohen Modal Hapoltype (CMH) -- the standard genetic signature of the Jewish priestly family. The chances of these findings happening at random is greater than one in 10,000.
The finding of a common set of genetic markers in both Ashkenazi and Sephardi Cohanim worldwide clearly indicates an origin pre-dating the separate development of the two communities around 1000 CE. Date calculation based on the variation of the mutations among Cohanim today yields a time frame of 106 generations from the ancestral founder of the line, some 3,300 years -- the approximate time of the Exodus from Egypt, the lifetime of Aaron HaCohen.
Professor Hammer was recently in Israel for the Jewish Genome Conference. He confirmed that his findings are consistent -- over 80 percent of self-identified Cohanim have a common set of markers.
The finding that less than one-third of the non-Cohen Jews who were tested possess these markers is not surprising to the geneticists. Jewishness is not defined genetically. Other Y-chromosomes can enter the Jewish gene pool through conversion or through a non-Jewish father. Jewish status is determined by the mother. Tribe membership follows the father's line.
AMAZING STATISTICS
Calculations based on the high rate of genetic similarity of today's Cohanim resulted in the highest "paternity-certainty" rate ever recorded in population genetics studies -- a scientific testimony to family faithfulness.
Stated Dr. David Goldstein of Oxford University:
"For more than 90 percent of the Cohens to share the same genetic markers after such a period of time is a testament to the devotion of the wives of the Cohens over the years. Even a low rate of infidelity would have dramatically lowered the percentage."
[Science News, October 3, 1998]
Wider genetic studies of diverse present day Jewish communities show a remarkable genetic cohesiveness. Jews from Iran, Iraq, Yemen, North Africa and European Ashkenazim all cluster together with other Semitic groups, with their origin in the Middle East. A common geographical original can be seen for all mainstream Jewish groups studied.
This genetic research has clearly refuted the libel that the Ashkenazi Jews are not related to the ancient Hebrews, but are descendants of the Kuzar tribe -- a pre-10th century Turko-Asian empire which reportedly converted en masse to Judaism. Researchers compared the DNA signature of the Ashkenazi Jews against those of Turkish-derived people, and found no correspondence.
OTHER SURPRISING FINDINGS
In their second published paper in Nature (July 9, 1998) the researchers included an unexpected finding. Those Jews in the study who identified themselves as Levites did not show a common set of markers as did the Cohanim. The Levites clustered in three groupings, one of them the CMH. According to tradition, the Levites should also show a genetic signature from a common paternal patrilineal ancestor. The researchers are now focusing effort on the study of Levites' genetic make up to learn more about their history in the Diaspora.
Using the CMH as a DNA signature of the ancient Hebrews, researchers are pursuing a hunt for Jewish genes around the world.
This could have ramifications in the search for the Biblical Ten Lost Tribes.
Using the genetic markers of the Cohanim as a yardstick, these genetic archaeologists are using DNA research to discover historical links to the Jewish people.
The researchers' policy is that the research is not a test of individuals, but an examination of the extended family. Having the CMH is not a proof of one's being a Cohen, for the mother's side is also significant in determining one's Cohen status. At present, there are no ramifications in Jewish law due to this discovery. No one is certified nor disqualified because of their Y chromosome markers.
The research has shown a clear genetic relationship amongst Cohanim and their direct lineage from a common ancestor. The research findings support the Torah statements that the line of Aaron will last throughout history:
"... and they shall have the Priesthood as a statute forever, and you shall consecrate Aaron and his sons." [Exodus 29:9]
"... it shall be for them an appointment to an everlasting Priesthood throughout their generations." [Exodus 40:15]
"And it shall be to him and to his descendants after him a covenant of everlastingPriesthood." [Numbers 25:13]
That our Torah tradition is supported by these findings is an inspiration for many that God surely keeps His promises. May we soon see the Cohanim restored to their service, Levites on their Temple platform and Israelites at their places.
If you are a Cohen or Levi interested in participating in the DNA research and/or receiving further information please contact:
Center For Cohanim,
3 Rehov HaMekubalim,
Old City, Jerusalem, Israel
Phone/Fax: (02) 628-9243
Email: ymkleiman@hotmail.com
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Professor Edward Simon, microbiologist at Purdue University, lecturer and board member of the Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists, for his expert input.
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A lot of fluff but in a nut shell, this research is not above a junior high school level
This article is packed with impressive titles, big name universities, well known scientific publications, achievements, lines to get readers excited and fancy scientific terms.
A a top-level researcher
A leading researcher in molecular genetics
A pioneer in Y chromosome research.
Aish HaTorah, Jerusalem
AMAZING STATISTICS
As a scientist
Being a nephrologist
Center For Cohanim,
DNA analysis to the study of history and population diversity.
Dr. David Goldstein
Dr. Karl Skoreck
genetic archaeologists
His research on the development of the Japanese people.
His research on the origins of the Native American Indians
Maternal genealogies
microbiologist
mitrocondrial DNA
molecular genetics
Nature (July 9, 1998)
neutral mutations, known as a haplotype
non-coding DNA
Orthodox Jewish Scientists
OTHER SURPRISING FINDINGS
Oxford University:
Professor Edward Simon
Professor Michael Hammer
Purdue University
Rabbi Nachman Kahana
Rabbi Yaakov HaKohen Kleiman
Researchers
Science News, October 3, 1998
The Center For Kohanim.
The Cohen Modal Hapoltype (CMH)
The Jewish Genome Conference.
The non-coding regions of the DNA
The prestigious British science journal
The Rambam-Technion Medical Center
The study of the life-sciences
The University of Arizona
The University of Toronto
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Impressive titles, big name universities, well known scientific publications, acheivments, lines to get readers excited and fancy scientific terms ... BUT none of the above has any thing to do with their claims.
The basis of the 'Jew' assertion that they can connect modern day 'Jews' to being descendants of Aaron is based on these proceedures.
a) Taking a sample by swabbing inside the mouth (any grade school kid can do this)
b) Sending the sample to a lab (no electron microscope needed)
c) Placing the samples into machines already designed by others. This is not science, it is no more being a mechanic who is trained to use pre-defined proceedures to process the sample. ( A junior high kid could learn how to do this in a day ).
d) A computer than creates a chart, with different areas.
e) Either by visual inspection or OCR (optical character recoginization) there is only one yes or no question.
Does this sample have this particular mutation YES or NO
f) All samples are taken for the TOTAL SAMPLES
g) Number of (YES) those who have the mutation divided by TOTAL SAMPLES = PERCENTAGE OF THOSE WHO HAVE THE MARKER.
103 males tested
92 of those males have the mutation
92/103 = .8932039 rounded off 89% of the males have the mutation.
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The total 'science' used is
* Taking samples with a swab
* Placing the samples in a machine that does ALL the computations to create a graph
* Visual or OCR inspection to answer the simple question the sample does or does not contain this mutation
* Adding the total samples
* Dividing the number of samples that have the mutation by the total samples.
This process is junior high stuff. While they add all the fluff of Impressive titles, big name universities, well known scientific publications, acheivments, lines to get readers excited and fancy scientific terms ", the process taken to find these results could be done by a 5th grader after watching it done in a lab for one day.
The assertion Aaron was the first to have this mutation over 3,300 years ago is based on the % of modern day men calling themselves Cohen that have it. That is the basis of this 'science' in a nut shell.
Before examining males who have this DNA mutation we should first clear up some questions I have listed below.
jgm00003.001 Assuming one way of passing the trait is through semen. Is it possible that females retain the mutation in their body in some cloaked method?
jgm00003.002 Can this mutation be passed by blood transfusions or by drug users sharing a needle?
jgm00003.003 Is this mutation produced by the bone marrow or is it just reproduced in the blood stream?
jgm00003.004 Can this DNA mutation be passed through sodomy or in other exchanges of body fluids?
jgm00003.005 Can this DNA mutation be passed between humans and animals?
jgm00003.006 Has this mutation ever been found in any animals?
IF YOU USE EXCEL YOU CAN PLUG IN YOUR OWN VARIABLES
The use of excel spread sheets in projections based on math.
In the assertion that DNA traits prove 'Jews' are descendants of the Israelites, I asked how the number of tested 'Jews' that has it, proves when or where it originated.
One suggestion was it could be proven mathematically by reverse family tree projections. I will explain that idea on that page. If they want to use a math formula, then we can use their idea and see if it works.
Before I give the first model, I will explain the use of the spread sheets.
blank| | some text
blank| | some text
VAR| | What was the average % of the population that were females
blank| | some text
Any one who wants to speculate based on numbers, simply adds their projection to the right of the VAR
VAR means Variable
When all the variable fields are filled in, the projected numbers will be displayed according to your own
If you say, I have no way to know what those variables were, you can look to the author who made the assertion they could project when and where a mutation started based on the numbers.
Your question to yourself will be, did this 'expert' actually have a factual basis to use these numbers or did they just make up the numbers up to make their story work.
There can be no wrong number, you can try the spread sheet with all kind of variables and it is my assertion, no matter what combination of variables you use.
It is my assertion: The place and time line a mutation began can not be projected by knowing the number in a modern population who share that mutation.
If there are any errors found in the formulas, point them out as you go along. To report the errors to a public group who reads about these issues, here is how you can post to the group with out giving up your good e-mail address
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Jews-Uncensored/message/22226
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Asian-Israelites
Using the concept of the "Jewish DNA expert", how many Israelites would be assimilated into the Asian/Africans, lost their identity and would be called Arabs today? Family trees grow exponentially. In past history.
If we use the information in the scriptures and a conservative family tree growth program, today there would be millions of middle east Arabs (converts to Islam) who are descendants of the Israelites.
The lost tribes of Israel = more middle east Muslims than all the Europeans who call themselves Jews?
The expodential growth of families in past history
* NO birth control
* NO abortions
* NO women's lib
Couples had very large families and I suppose with out medicine people did not live as long as they do in our time.
Males could produce children at any age and a short life of women is not relative, because they only needed to live long enough to bare children and after they were born, the death of women would not be a factor in the growth of family trees.
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I have placed these spread sheets in Google storage area so they might still exist long after I I am gone. Freely copy and distribute any of my pages or spread sheets.
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We often hear the story that the Israelites were scattered into Europe by the Romans
One rebuttal was the Romans took the Israelites into Europe, like Africans were enslaved and taken from their native land. The hole is this story is the lands where the Romans were supposed to have taken Israelites in, were already slave nations of the Romans and every one in those European nations were already their slaves)
(Counter arguments to 'Jews' taken into Europe by the Romans http://encyclopediaegypt.com/israel/rome.htm )
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While many people thought the Romans took the Israelites into Europe, they are ignorant of the scriptures that reveal the Israelites were scattered into the Persian empire before the Romans ever arrived.
The great masses of Israelites were scattered into the Asian/African provinces of the Persian empire and only a trivial fraction returned to Israel.
Ezra 1:1 Cyrus king of Persia.. made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom
Ezra 1:3 Who ... among you of all his .. will go to Jerusalem.. to build the house of the Lord
HOW MANY ISRAELITES ARE RECORDED RETURNING
Ezra 2:64 The whole congregation together was forty and two thousand three hundred and threescore .. 42,360 + their servants
Ezra 2:65 Beside their servants and their maids, of whom there were seven thousand three hundred thirty
Less than 50,000 Israelites are ever recorded returning from the Persian empire which was composed of 127 provinces that extended from India to Sudan.
How many Israelites were assimilated and never returned?
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What do we do know to this trivial fraction of Israelites that did return?
Nehemiah 13:23 In those days also saw I Jews that had married wives of Ashdod, of Ammon, and of Moab
Nehemiah 13:24 And their children spake half in the speech of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jews' language, but according to the language of each people.
By the time this fraction of Israelites returned, their own children were being assimilated and were a mix of the other Asians they lived among.
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What happened to the Israelites which never returned from the Persian empire?
The book of Esther is about the Israelites who remained scattered through out the Persian empire.
Esther 1:1 Now it came to pass in the days of Ahasuerus, (this is Ahasuerus which reigned, from India even unto Ethiopia, over an hundred and seven and twenty provinces:)
Esther 2:6 (Mordecai) Who had been carried away from Jerusalem with the captivity which had been carried away with Jeconiah king of Judah
Esther 4:3 And in every province.. there was great mourning among the Jews (scattered through the Persian Empire, Sudan, Egypt.. India, Iraq, Syria.. Asia/Africa)
Esther 8:9 ..All that Mordecai commanded unto the Jews... from India unto Ethiopia, an hundred twenty and seven provinces
Esther 9:20 And Mordecai wrote these things, and sent letters unto all the Jews that were in *ALL* the provinces of the king Ahasuerus
After the account of the trivial number of Israelites returning to Israel in the book of Ezra, the masses remained dispersed through out the Persian empire. The children of Esther would be the children of the Persian (Iranian) king the masses of Israelites were assimilated into the Asian / African populations long before the Romans ever invaded Palestine.
In the prophecy of the actual Israelite's return, it is ONLY these Asian/African lands ever identified where they will be gathered from
.Isaiah 11:11 .. the Lord shall... recover the remnant of his people, which shall be left, from Assyria, Egypt, Pathros, Cush/Sudan, Elam, Shinar, Hamath, and from the islands of the sea.
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The assertion that the number of "Jews" found with this mutation proves WHERE and WHEN the mutation began, if based on a math formula, lets first use a spread sheet to
* Determine the number of Israelites that existed when numbered in the book of Numbers
* Determine the number of Israelites that were assimilated into the Asian/African nations, who lost their identity and are not called Arabs.
We will use the same data from the scriptures and the same process to arrive at these numbers.
If this DNA 'expert' can project where and when a mutation originated, we can use his own assertions and equally apply them. This includes all Israelites, but the same process will work for one tribe (the Levites)
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To the right of each variable VAR, type in your own projected number
Line 13 will be the total number of Israelites that existed after they left Egypt
Line 56 will be the number of Israelites that were assimilated in the Persian provinces
Subtract the number who returned (42,360), and the remainder are the number of Israelites who never returned but who were assimilated into the Persian empire.
It is not written they never returned, but speculation is not based on ignorance, but speculation is based on facts, data, evidence.
Even if they did return to Israel, using your own variables, you might explain where this number of people ever lived.
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If you intend to accept the "expert's" assertion that a math process can identify the Cohen by this process.. use that process, go back to the beginning.
Then reverse the process and include all tribes, to see how many Israelites would exist today IF this "expert" has any feasible calculation .
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Just replace the blank space to the right of the VAR and make your own projection.
http://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=pJn__Chzo3FxswcXbXL3_Pw
jgm00006.001 Do you think this "DNA expert can use the number of 'Jews' with this mutation to prove when and where it originated. Yes or NOjgm00006.002 If you think the number of people that share a mutation can project when and where it originated, use more than words. Create your model and demonstrate exactly how it would work.
jgm00006.003 If this DNA 'expert' has a formula for computing where and when a mutation originated, site the exact page or paragraph
*
If you believe a mathematician can project population growth with known numbers and a mathematical formula, enter your variables in this spread sheet or get your mathematical / family tree expert to produce a spread sheet with a formula that you think will work.
http://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=pJn__Chzo3FxswcXbXL3_Pw
After you enter the 5 variables it will project the number of Israelites that would exist today.
If you think European "Jews" are Israelites, subtract 6 million for the European cleansing and the remainder will be the number of Israelites that would exist today.
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Using your own variables, by your own projection how many Israelites would exist today.
*
Nothing is true or false because it is on any one's web pages. Web pages just give us a place to start our search and verify or cast out assertions made.
WHO IS TO BE CONSIDERED A HOSTILE WITNESS
?* Do they have any religious or political agenda, that might be a motive to publish false information?
* Are they making finical profit by pushing that information?
* Do they try to control the assertions, arguments of their opponents with censorship tactics so only their one sided propaganda is heard?
* Have they been conditioned to have specific beliefs before they could ever talk?
* I the author of this web site am a hostile witness. After years of thought and debate on these topics, I am convinced of the conclusions I have made. I have been shown errors and have corrected my words. I do make mistakes.
What ever you conclude, when you read my words, you must challenge them.
WHO ARE THE MOST TRUSTWORTHY WITNESSES
* Those who make the same profit or no profit at all, no matter what version of information they publish.
* People who's business would actually lose money by creating false information.
i.e. If a nature program were making a travel film about people in an isolated region, it would cut into their profit by hiring actors pretending to be natives of that area.
i.e. The law enforcement offices around the world make their living in identifying bodies that are found, so it is unlikely they would publish false information to the world.
Law enforcement actually gets lots of help from the public in solving such cases so publishing false information would cut their own throats.
* Those who publish information about things very hard to fake, are likely to publish factual information. i.e. People who publish information about the Great Wall of China, the pyramids.
* When people have a great motive to lie or create fake objects that is easy to do, when it is very hard to pin the tail on these frauds, then there will be an endless stream of cons.
Who are we to trust? I can not tell you who to trust, but for myself if an individual or group has a strong motive to lie, censor, deceive people, I am going to bet they will every time they think they can get away with it.
When ever you visit any one's web site you do not need to verify every thing on that page, just focus on any segments of information that deals specifically with the focus of your study.
When you get to those related segments, forget the identities of who the authors are and test the specific information that addresses issues in your study.
PEOPLE'S NAMES AND THEIR TITLES MEAN NOTHING
YOU MUST ARGUE WITH ARGUMENTS
NO MATTER THE IDENTITY OF THEIR ASSERTIONS
No matter if they are sitting in a prison or at the head of a desk at a university, those who have interest in some topic will offer information, it is the information not the mouth it comes out of that must be tested.
As I create these pages, I will include questions for that page. You can answer the questions as you go along and when you get to the end, the conclusions you have made will be your conclusions, not mine.
I know in discussing controversial issues one's opponents will not respond to points you make along the way, but later when you have covered many points they will use negative blanket statements to brush off all the points you made.
By dividing the discussion into pages, you can keep score at the end of each page you can fill in your own answers and make note of any opponents pose any opposition on that page.
If / When some one condemns my words in a blanket statement
, tell them to pick out the first page of my false information, point out the paragraph and see if you, yourself find it to be false.The focus of this study will be the race of western Europeans compared to the original races around the world.
I may point to dozens of videos of Egyptology, National Geographic, PBS, Travel programs, forensic science programs, techniques used by law enforcement through out the world to identify people when nothing is found but their sculls.
You can conclude for yourself if these diverse agencies, publishers have a reason to produce false data, and faked photography in their presentations
.Did the moon landing actually take place or was that faked by the government?
The questions I ask won't be that hard, you will be able to make your own conclusions on each page.
You won't need trust me, when you respond to the questions, it is only yourself you need to trust.
***
Before I get into the study/debate I will cover some of the tricks used by those who attempt to use deceptive methods to convince others.
*
In pages of this 'document' connecting modern 'Jews' to Aaron, there are not 5 paragraphs that address that assertion. The persons who write this stuff pretending to be coming from a scientific perspective should run for king of the fluff bunnies.
Professor-Smarty-Pants
Usually when people are in some controversial debate, they like to give credence to their argument by including some TITLE.
Reverend
, Rabbi BnSER , Professor, Bloopdblop, Dr. DoDo ... Who says what is proof of NOTHING. What they say and back up with evidence is the ONLY proof that exists.=============================
People who have nothing to do with being a Doctor, pay a university thousands and they get the title of Dr. ... Professor, and some how this makes gullible people think what ever they say is a fact by virtue of their title.
What is some one with a university degree with the title, Dr. or Professor?
* Just like every one who takes a class, they start out and they pay to take classes to learn what some one else discovered or wrote.
* Books are composed of a collection of facts, discovers, opinions of thousands of people all over the world.
* The university makes the student buy their own books and teaches the information gathered from an array of people from endless places and in the span of time.
* Actually to become a professor, these people pay a university to teach them the knowledge other people have gathered. A very tiny fraction of the courses they teach, ever contain information created at the university.
* So a kid starts out, buys the knowledge of others through a third party (the university) and obtains a degree.
* After they get their degree, they become a professor and then it is they who get paid sell the knowledge created by others to new students.
HIM A PROFESSOR, OH GULLY GEE
Being a professor only means you could stand to read all of your assignments, get through the test and pay thousands of dollars for multiple years.
BEING A UNIVERSITY STUDENT OR GRADUATE
Only means you could stand to read through your assignments, get passing grades and pay thousands of dollars.
Universities are hard to get through
* Because of the finical burden
* The pressure to get through the classes
* Temptation to get into all kind of things when you are supposed to be studying.
* The great amount of information you are forced to learn in a very short period.
Reading, writing and speaking Chinese is very hard to learn for many students and yet little Chinese children learn how.
There is nothing or very little you can learn in a university that a school kid could not learn. Take one page of your book and see if a juvenile can learn the information on that page.
It is not the contents of what you learn but the quaintly of what you must learn that is difficult.
=============================
Ok so you are in college, what is the process:
* You buy their books
* You pay their tuition
* You go to class
* The professor gives you a chapter to read
* You go to a room and beat your brains out trying to absorb all of the information. You can't get behind because this pattern will be repeated over and over until time for the quiz.
The professor really does not teach you the bulk of all you need to learn, you have to learn it on your own time after class. Friends might help you, but the professor is not teaching you all of that information.
If there is something you can't get, you might get the professor to fill that tidbit in.
Do you have to be at college to learn the information given in your assignment? If you commute and read the book at home, will learn different information than if you read it in a dorm?
Now they have on-line classes with people a hundred miles away from a university, they can learn the same information.
Being a university student or graduate only means you have to learn a whole lot of information and pay thousands of dollars.
Being a university graduate gives you a great potential for getting a good job but the bulk of all you paid to learn, will never be used the rest of your life.
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Being a college grad, professor or Dr. adds no credibility to any conclusion you make.
When there is some real problem to be solved or point to be made, ONLY the information gained that addresses the pending question is relative.
Titles / credentials are nothing but fluff. People looking for information about any topic can find the same information learned at a university.
The massive amount of information one learns at a university.. that will never be applied is gathered only because it is a university requirement to graduate. It is for the finical gain of universities.
You have to appease the university to get your degree and you must learn the never applied information to impress potential employers... so when you go to work for them, you have a history of all the information you learned.. that will never be used.
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If you have been out of college a few years, you forget almost all you ever learned.
You will never use 10% of all you paid to learn.
How smart do you have to be, in order to be a college grad? Right now (2008) they have a TV program where constants can win up to a million dollars.
ARE YOU SMARTER THAN A 5TH GRADER
All you have to do to win the million is to answer questions that are taught in the first to 5th grade.
They have a panel of 5th graders who sit on the side and many times the kids know the answers that Harvard, Yale ... university graduates and an astronaut failed to answer.
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When ever you are in a debate or discussion trying to solve a problem, know that when any one begins to drop titles or mentions their education background, that is a moot point.
It is evidence of nothing... it is nothing but Fluff !
If in their education they gained and remembered the information to address the issue,
IT IS ONLY THE SPECIFIC INFORMATION
THAT ADDRESSES THE ISSUE AT HAND
THAT IS RELATIVE
Unless the topic is about that person, the mention (good or bad) about their achievements is used only by those who need to add meaningless fluff
.Why point out that the names of universities, the amount of education or titles is not evidence of any facts? Because those who wrote this hoax packs the Jew DNA story with such fluff to pad their story. This NON information impresses gullible people who never notice, they have not produced one fact tying modern 'Jews' to any ancient people of the middle east.
*
Segmented-Transcript
Feel Free to copy and distribute all arguments on this Blog. I have nothing to Sell.
If you want to make an actual study of this claim, highlight the area from
jgm00011-SKORECKI-DNA-ASSERTION To jgm00085-SKORECKI-DNA-ASSERTION.
Print this section on paper and make your notes on the paper. Each one of thse segmented sections divide the transcript up, paragraph by paragraph.
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The fascinating story of how DNA studies confirm an ancient biblical tradition
by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman
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Dr* Karl Skorecki, a Cohen of Eastern European parents, was attending synagogue one morning.
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The Cohen called up for the Torah reading that morning was a Jew of Sephardic background, whose parents were born in North Africa.
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Dr* Skorecki looked at the Sephardi Cohen's physical features and considered his own physical features. They were significantly different in stature, skin coloration and hair and eye color.
Yet both had a tradition of being Cohanim, direct descendants of one man -- Aaron, the brother of Moses.
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Cohanim (plural of Cohen) are the priestly family of the Jewish people, members of the Tribe of Levi.
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The books of Exodus and Leviticus describe the responsibilities of the Cohanim, which include the Temple service and blessing of the people.
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The Torah (the first five books of the Bible) describes the anointing of Aaron, the brother of Moses, as the first High Priest (Cohen Gadol).
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Jewish tradition, based on the Torah, is that all Cohanim are direct descendants of Aaron, the brother of Moses.
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The Cohen line is patrilineal -- passed from father to son without interruption for 3,300 years, or more than 100 generations.
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Dr* Skorecki considered, "According to tradition, this Sephardi Cohen and I have a common ancestor.
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Could this line have been maintained since Sinai, and throughout the long exile of the Jewish people?
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" As a scientist, he wondered, could such a claim be tested?
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Being a nephrologist and a top-level researcher at the University of Toronto and the Rambam-Technion Medical Center in Haifa, he was involved in the breakthroughs in molecular genetics which are revolutionizing medicine and the study of the life- sciences.
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He was also aware of the newly developing application of DNA analysis to the study of history and population diversity.
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Dr* Skorecki considered a hypothesis: if the Cohanim are descendants of one man, they should have a common set of genetic markers -- a common haplotype -- that of their common ancestor. In our case, Aaron HaCohen.
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HOW IT WORKS
A genetic marker is a variation in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA, known as a mutation.
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Mutations which occur within genes -- a part of the DNA which codes for a protein -- usually cause a malfunction or disease and is lost due to selection in succeeding generations.
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However, mutations found in so-called "non-coding regions" of the DNA tend to persist.
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Since the Y chromosome consists almost entirely of non-coding DNA (except for the genes determining maleness), it would tend to accumulate mutations.
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Since it is passed from father to son without recombination, the genetic information on a Y chromosome of a man living today is basically the same as that of his ancient male ancestors, except for the rare mutations that occur along the hereditary line.
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A combination of these neutral mutations, known as a haplotype, can serve as a genetic signature of a man's male ancestry.
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Maternal genealogies are also being studied by means of the m-DNA (mitrocondrial DNA), which is inherited only from the mother.
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THE SEARCH BEGINS
Dr* Skorecki made contact with Professor Michael Hammer, of the University of Arizona, a leading researcher in molecular genetics and a pioneer in Y chromosome research.
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Professor Hammer uses DNA analysis to study the history of populations, their origins and migrations.
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His previous research included work on the origins of the Native American Indians and the development of the Japanese people.
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A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis.
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If there were a common ancestor, the Cohanim should have common genetic markers at a higher frequency than the general Jewish population.
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In the first study, as reported in the prestigious British science journal, Nature (January 2, 1997), 188 Jewish males were asked to contribute some cheek cells from which their DNA was extracted for study.
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Participants from Israel, England and North America were asked to identify whether they were a Cohen, Levi or Israelite, and to identify their family background.
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The results of the analysis of the Y chromosome markers of the Cohanim and non-Cohanim were indeed significant.
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A particular marker, (YAP-) was detected in 98.
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5 percent of the Cohanim, and in a significantly lower percentage of non-Cohanim.
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FURTHER CONFIRMATION
In a second study, Dr* Skorecki and associates gathered more DNA samples and expanded their selection of Y chromosome markers.
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Solidifying their hypothesis of the Cohens' common ancestor, they found that a particular array of six chromosomal markers was found in 97 of the 106 Cohens tested.
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This collection of markers has come to be known as the Cohen Modal Hapoltype (CMH) -- the standard genetic signature of the Jewish priestly family.
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The chances of these findings happening at random is greater than one in 10,000.
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The finding of a common set of genetic markers in both Ashkenazi and Sephardi Cohanim worldwide clearly indicates an origin pre-dating the separate development of the two communities around 1000 CE.
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Date calculation based on the variation of the mutations among Cohanim today yields a time frame of 106 generations from the ancestral founder of the line, some 3,300 years -- the approximate time of the Exodus from Egypt, the lifetime of Aaron HaCohen.
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Professor Hammer was recently in Israel for the Jewish Genome Conference.
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He confirmed that his findings are consistent -- over 80 percent of self-identified Cohanim have a common set of markers.
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The finding that less than one-third of the non- Cohen Jews who were tested possess these markers is not surprising to the geneticists.
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Jewishness is not defined genetically.
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Other Y-chromosomes can enter the Jewish gene pool through conversion or through a non-Jewish father.
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Jewish status is determined by the mother.
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Tribe membership follows the father's line.
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AMAZING STATISTICS
Calculations based on the high rate of genetic similarity of today's Cohanim resulted in the highest "paternity-certainty" rate ever recorded in population genetics studies -- a scientific testimony to family faithfulness.
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Stated Dr* David Goldstein of Oxford University: "For more than 90 percent of the Cohens to share the same genetic markers after such a period of time is a testament to the devotion of the wives of the Cohens over the years.
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Even a low rate of infidelity would have dramatically lowered the percentage.
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"[Science News, October 3, 1998] Wider genetic studies of diverse present day Jewish communities show a remarkable genetic cohesiveness.
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Jews from Iran, Iraq, Yemen, North Africa and European Ashkenazim all cluster together with other Semitic groups, with their origin in the Middle East.
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A common geographical original can be seen for all mainstream Jewish groups studied.
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This genetic research has clearly refuted the libel that the Ashkenazi Jews are not related to the ancient Hebrews, but are descendants of the Kuzar tribe -- a pre-10th century Turko-Asian empire which reportedly converted en masse to Judaism.
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Researchers compared the DNA signature of the Ashkenazi Jews against those of Turkish-derived people, and found no correspondence.
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OTHER SURPRISING FINDINGS
In their second published paper in Nature (July 9, 1998) the researchers included an unexpected finding.
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Those Jews in the study who identified themselves as Levites did not show a common set of markers as did the Cohanim.
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The Levites clustered in three groupings, one of them the CMH.
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According to tradition, the Levites should also show a genetic signature from a common paternal patrilineal ancestor.
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The researchers are now focusing effort on the study of Levites' genetic make up to learn more about their history in the Diaspora.
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Using the CMH as a DNA signature of the ancient Hebrews, researchers are pursuing a hunt for Jewish genes around the world.
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This could have ramifications in the search for the Biblical Ten Lost Tribes.
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Using the genetic markers of the Cohanim as a yardstick, these genetic archaeologists are using DNA research to discover historical links to the Jewish people.
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The researchers' policy is that the research is not a test of individuals, but an examination of the extended family.
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Having the CMH is not a proof of one's being a Cohen, for the mother's side is also significant in determining one's Cohen status.
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At present, there are no ramifications in Jewish law due to this discovery.
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No one is certified nor disqualified because of their Y chromosome markers.
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The research has shown a clear genetic relationship amongst Cohanim and their direct lineage from a common ancestor.
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The research findings support the Torah statements that the line of Aaron will last throughout history: " and they shall have the Priesthood as a statute forever, and you shall consecrate Aaron and his sons." [Exodus 29:9]
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It shall be for them an appointment to an everlasting Priesthood throughout their generations." [Exodus 40:15]
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"And it shall be to him and to his descendants after him a covenant of everlastingPriesthood. " [Numbers 25:13]
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That our Torah tradition is supported by these findings is an inspiration for many that God surely keeps His promises.
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May we soon see the Cohanim restored to their service, Levites on their Temple platform and Israelites at their places.
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If you are a Cohen or Levi interested in participating in the DNA research and/or receiving further information please contact:
Center For Cohanim,
3 Rehov HaMekubalim,
Old City, Jerusalem, Israel
Phone/Fax: (02) 628-9243
Email: ymkleiman@hotmail.com
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Professor Edward Simon, microbiologist at Purdue University, lecturer and board member of the Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists, for his expert input.
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Author Biography:
Rabbi Yaakov HaKohen Kleiman is a lecturer at Aish HaTorah, Jerusalem, specializing in Temple studies.
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He is co-director with Rabbi Nachman Kahana, of the Center For Kohanim
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End of the numbered transcript in the above line.
Below are other pages in this blog ... My questions======================================
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Introduction page
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Full Jew page, in case the original is deleted from the web
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The science used
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How-is-the-mutation-created-and-passed
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Excel introduction.
For those who want to enter their own variables to make their own projections======================================
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Excel: I assert almost all Israelites would be Asian/Arab Muslims Israelites according from the scripture information
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Excel: I say there would be over 100 million descendants of the Israelites by data in the scriptures and a conservative family tree projection. How many Israelites
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Who can we believe
, when you read what bias people say or write?======================================
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What facts are relative. The fluff bunnies always add endless unrelated information to pad their story. How much of that text is relative to their claims?
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Professor smarty pants
. What validity is given to a theory because the words come out of the mouth of a professor, Dr. , big organization or university?Many of my
responses are repeated over and over because the 'Jew' who wrote this page repeated the same stuff over and over. There is not one word they wrote that I did not respond to.======================================
If you get froggy and give some feed back, contribute, challenge, explain and keep your good e-mail private here is how I do that
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The guy opens his story with a statement that appears an attempt to excite people so they can't wait to read the information that would tie them to the Israelites... Just speculation on my part, but this opening line is fluff it presents no information to the DNA / Aaron connection
Eastern European.. Poland? Doesn't matter. No information in this paragraph about DNA
This is a statement with out a shred of evidence. Neither in this paragraph or any paragraph in this complete text does he ever produce a shred of facts which prove what century it first existed, what part of the world it developed or who was the first to have it.
Before this 'scientist' could assert the Cohen line is passed from father to son.. he would first have to prove that Cohen.. the sons of Aaron had this mutation in the first place.. then he would have to prove these modern white Europeans are descendants of Aaron
Ezra 2:61 And of the children of the priests... Ezra 2:62 These sought their register among those that were reckoned by genealogy, but they were not found: therefore were they, as polluted, put from the priesthood
2,500 years ago after they were in captivity less than 100 years, these priest had no evidence of their heritage and yet these modern Russians, Germans and Pollocks call themselves Cohen.. Let them provide their evidence .
This is my challenge for any one who claims to be able to trace their family tree to the Israelites http://encyclopediaegypt.com/israel/f1000.htm
This guy just spouts a line of BS with out a shred of evidence and the lemmings want to believe it so bad, they never question or work out the math for themselves.. and that is what it amounts to.
Testing 1 1/50,000th of all those who calling themselves Cohen
Finding the % of that trivial fraction that shares the mutation and using that % to assert that percentage proves when, where and who the mutation came from.. that is their science in a nut shell
